{"id":10736,"date":"2019-03-22T10:41:42","date_gmt":"2019-03-22T14:41:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/?p=10736"},"modified":"2020-10-29T22:40:14","modified_gmt":"2020-10-30T02:40:14","slug":"life-unfolding","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/life-unfolding\/","title":{"rendered":"Life unfolding"},"content":{"rendered":"

A few hours after fertilization, the fruit fly embryo is just a\u00a0hollow sphere<\/a>, slightly oblong in shape, until a band of cells on its surface furrows inward to form a new layer. This folding process takes only 15 minutes, but it\u2019s critical for determining where the cells will go and what roles they will eventually play. In humans, errors in tissue folding can result in diseases like spina bifida, where the spine never fully closes.<\/p>\n

Fourth-year graduate student Marlis Denk-Lobnig watches this gastrulation process occurring in fly embryos in real time, tagging molecules with fluorescent proteins to probe the forces that eventually shape a fully-formed organism. Every day, she gets to witness new life unfold \u2014 literally.<\/p>\n

Denk-Lobnig spends most of her time with her eye to a microscope or generating genetic crosses in the \u201cfly room\u201d where she keeps her stocks \u2014 rows of tubes containing light brown insect food that emits an unmistakable odor, despite being corked with cotton swabs. Inside each neatly labeled container, scores of tiny flies mill around as they lay eggs and feast.<\/p>\n

Given that her mother trained in chemistry and her father in physics, \u201cit didn\u2019t take much creativity to get into science early on.\u201d Denk-Lobnig enjoyed physics throughout high school, but also maintained a keen interest in biology, which became more pronounced after she was diagnosed with an autoimmune disease affecting her thyroid and adrenal glands.<\/p>\n

\u201cIn some ways, the question of how your own body works is the most tangible question to ask,\u201d she says. \u201cIt\u2019s fascinating to connect everyday experiences with mechanisms, and studying biology and medicine seemed like a powerful way to have a direct impact on life.\u201d<\/p>\n

She majored in molecular medicine at Georg August University in G\u00f6ttingen, Germany, located several hours from her childhood home in Heidelberg. Inspired by a summer internship with MIT Biology alum and Rockefeller professor Cori Bargmann PhD \u201987, Denk-Lobnig centered her undergraduate thesis on the role glial cells play in disease.<\/p>\n

She graduated after only three years, the typical duration in Germany, and spent the next several months traveling and applying to graduate schools. She also visited Nepal, where she taught visual and performing arts \u2014 and a bit of gymnastics \u2014 at a local boarding school.<\/p>\n

When she began at MIT in 2015, Denk-Lobnig took the opportunity to blend her expertise in biology with a renewed enthusiasm for physics. Although she is a full-fledged member of the Department of Biology, she is simultaneously enrolled in the interdepartmental\u00a0Biophysics Certificate Program<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u201cNot many people know that MIT has a thriving biophysics community,\u201d she says. \u201cIt\u2019s a mix of mechanical engineers, chemists, biologists, and physicists. There are specific course requirements, and we go on retreats and participate in seminars to share our research and discuss collaborations.\u201d<\/p>\n

As a member of\u00a0Adam Martin<\/a>\u2019s lab, Denk-Lobnig studies the cellular forces that shape tissue form and function. Martin is also affiliated with the certificate program, and was one of the faculty members who initially interviewed Denk-Lobnig for the graduate program.<\/p>\n

\u201cBiophysics is all about finding elegant explanations for everyday phenomena, and I really enjoy thinking about physical principles and how they apply to biological problems,\u201d Denk-Lobnig says. \u201cThe methods we use in the\u00a0Martin lab<\/a>\u00a0are also incredibly visual. You can literally see a fruit fly embryo fold, and watch as a sheet of cells furrows inside the embryo to form a second layer, which is important for development. It\u2019s both informative and aesthetically pleasing.\u201d<\/p>\n

Denk-Lobnig began by focusing on a single molecule called\u00a0Cumberland-GAP<\/a>\u00a0(C-GAP), which regulates one of the many proteins in charge of tissue folding: myosin. Myosin is responsible for muscle contraction, among other duties. With its characteristic forked shape \u2014 two \u201cheads\u201d protruding from string-like \u201ctail\u201d domain \u2014 myosin can appear to\u00a0walk along<\/a>\u00a0the cell\u2019s scaffolding, sometimes transporting cargo. Denk-Lobnig, though, is most interested in myosin\u2019s ability to pull on developing tissue and create a fold.<\/p>\n

Right before graduating, one of Denk-Lobnig\u2019s former labmates noticed that depleting C-GAP seemed to alter the concentration (or \u201cgradient\u201d) of myosin across the tissue. Since this finding pertained to the very regulator she was studying, it piqued Denk-Lobnig\u2019s interest. She wanted to know how molecules like C-GAP might influence myosin and impact folding, and her scope widened from the molecular level to include the entire tissue.<\/p>\n

It\u2019s unlikely, she says, that myosin is pulling with equal force across the tissue \u2014 \u201cthat wouldn\u2019t constrict the sheet of cells very efficiently.\u201d Instead, there\u2019s probably more myosin in middle and less towards the edges, which contracts the cells in the middle of the sheet to a greater degree and creates the curvature that forms the crease of the fold. In the fruit fly, gastrulation occurs just three hours after the eggs are laid. Because the folding happens at the surface of the embryo, there\u2019s no need for dissection to witness the entire event through a microscope.<\/p>\n

Denk-Lobnig has begun exploring other regulators besides C-GAP to analyze their effects on the myosin gradient and cell curvature. She was one of the first members of the lab to introduce CRISPR-Cas9 into their testing protocol, and is currently the only one experimenting with optogenetic techniques. She also regularly participates in the lab book club, which features classics like\u00a0The Bell Jar<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0One Hundred Years of Solitude<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Outside of lab, Denk-Lobnig serves as the president of MIT\u2019s women\u2019s club gymnastics team, volunteers to help run weekly Gymnastics Special Olympics events, and sings in a graduate student choir. She is also a member of the department\u2019s peer support program,\u00a0bioREFs<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Long-term, she plans to stay in academia and delve further into physics-based methods, like modeling and coding. If she could find a project that\u2019s just as visual as her current work in the Martin lab, \u201cthat would definitely be a plus.\u201d<\/p>\n

Posted 3.21.19<\/h5>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A few hours after fertilization, the fruit fly embryo is just a\u00a0hollow sphere, slightly oblong in shape, until a band of cells on its surface furrows inward to form a new layer. This folding process takes only 15 minutes, but it\u2019s critical for determining where the cells will go and what roles they will eventually […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":16,"featured_media":10686,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10736","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","placement-placement-homepage","research-area-cell-biology","research-area-stem-cell-and-developmental-biology"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nLife unfolding - MIT Department of Biology<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/life-unfolding\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Life unfolding\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A few hours after fertilization, the fruit fly embryo is just a\u00a0hollow sphere, slightly oblong in shape, until a band of cells on its surface furrows inward to form a new layer. This folding process takes only 15 minutes, but it\u2019s critical for determining where the cells will go and what roles they will eventually […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/life-unfolding\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"MIT Department of Biology\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2019-03-22T14:41:42+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2020-10-30T02:40:14+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/Marlis_Denk-Lobnig.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1400\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"788\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Raleigh McElvery\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Raleigh McElvery\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/life-unfolding\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/life-unfolding\/\",\"name\":\"Life unfolding - MIT Department of Biology\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/life-unfolding\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/life-unfolding\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/Marlis_Denk-Lobnig.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2019-03-22T14:41:42+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2020-10-30T02:40:14+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/#\/schema\/person\/3faf9902afea805a1894ab34b5bddd66\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/life-unfolding\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/life-unfolding\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/life-unfolding\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/Marlis_Denk-Lobnig.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/Marlis_Denk-Lobnig.jpg\",\"width\":1400,\"height\":788,\"caption\":\"Person with bun sitting beside computer\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/life-unfolding\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Life unfolding\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/\",\"name\":\"MIT Department of Biology\",\"description\":\"\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/#\/schema\/person\/3faf9902afea805a1894ab34b5bddd66\",\"name\":\"Raleigh McElvery\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/2580416cf282b6242f96ed13558deba5?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/2580416cf282b6242f96ed13558deba5?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Raleigh McElvery\"},\"url\":\"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/author\/rmcelvery\/\"}]}<\/script>\n","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Life unfolding - MIT Department of Biology","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/life-unfolding\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Life unfolding","og_description":"A few hours after fertilization, the fruit fly embryo is just a\u00a0hollow sphere, slightly oblong in shape, until a band of cells on its surface furrows inward to form a new layer. This folding process takes only 15 minutes, but it\u2019s critical for determining where the cells will go and what roles they will eventually […]","og_url":"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/life-unfolding\/","og_site_name":"MIT Department of Biology","article_published_time":"2019-03-22T14:41:42+00:00","article_modified_time":"2020-10-30T02:40:14+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1400,"height":788,"url":"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/Marlis_Denk-Lobnig.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Raleigh McElvery","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Raleigh McElvery","Est. reading time":"5 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/life-unfolding\/","url":"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/life-unfolding\/","name":"Life unfolding - MIT Department of Biology","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/life-unfolding\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/life-unfolding\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/Marlis_Denk-Lobnig.jpg","datePublished":"2019-03-22T14:41:42+00:00","dateModified":"2020-10-30T02:40:14+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/#\/schema\/person\/3faf9902afea805a1894ab34b5bddd66"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/life-unfolding\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/life-unfolding\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/life-unfolding\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/Marlis_Denk-Lobnig.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/Marlis_Denk-Lobnig.jpg","width":1400,"height":788,"caption":"Person with bun sitting beside computer"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/life-unfolding\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Life unfolding"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/#website","url":"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/","name":"MIT Department of Biology","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/#\/schema\/person\/3faf9902afea805a1894ab34b5bddd66","name":"Raleigh McElvery","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/2580416cf282b6242f96ed13558deba5?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/2580416cf282b6242f96ed13558deba5?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Raleigh McElvery"},"url":"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/author\/rmcelvery\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10736"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/16"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10736"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10736\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17643,"href":"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10736\/revisions\/17643"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10686"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10736"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10736"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biology.mit.edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10736"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}