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RNA processing and gene expression governing

Renee Barbosa, a Schimmel scholar and a graduate student in the Soto-Feliciano Lab, uses a multidisciplinary approach to understand the epigenetic factors in gene expression.

Bendta Schroeder | Koch Institute
July 29, 2024

Professor Emeritus of netbet sports betting appBiology Paul Schimmel PhD ’67 and his wife Cleo Schimmel are among the biggest champions and supporters of graduate students conducting life science research in the Department of Biology at MIT, as well as in departments such as the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, the Department of Biological Engineering, and the Department of Chemistry, and in cross-disciplinary degree programs including the Computational and Systems Biology Program, the Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Program, and the Microbiology Graduate Program. In addition to the Cleo and Paul Schimmel (1967) Scholars Fund to support graduate women students in the Department of Biology, in 2021, the Schimmels established the MIT Schimmel Family Program for Life Sciences.

Their generous pledge of $50 million in matching funds called for other donors to join them in supporting the training of graduate students who will tackle some of the world’s most urgent challenges. Driven by their unwavering belief that graduate students are the driving force behind much life science research and witnessing a decline in federal funding for graduate education, the Schimmel family established their one-to-one match program. They reached the ambitious goal of $100 million in endowed support in just two years.

The discovery that mutations in genes can drive cancer revolutionized cancer research. In the decades following the identification of the first “oncogene” in a chicken retrovirus in 1970 and the first human oncogene in 1982 by Robert Weinberg at MIT’s Center for Cancer Research, scientists uncovered hundreds more oncogenes, transformed our understanding of how cancer begins and progresses, and developed sophisticated gene-targeted cancer therapies.

A majority of oncogenes were identified in factors controlling cell signaling, proliferation, and differentiation. However, a growing understanding of epigenetics has shown that many cancers, such as some leukemias and sarcomas, are not driven by mutations to these factors themselves, but by disruptions to the molecular pathways that regulate their expression. About 10 percent of all leukemias are driven by abnormal versions of the protein MLL1, one cog in the epigenetic machinery controlling these factors.

Renee Barbosa, a graduate student in the laboratory of Howard S. (1953) and Linda B. Stern Career Development Professor Yadira Soto-Feliciano in the Department of Biology, is joining this next wave of research, using leukemia as a model. A member of MIT’s Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Soto-Feliciano and her lab study chromatin, the densely coiled structures of DNA and scaffolding proteins that make up our genomes and help ensure genes are expressed at the right times and in the right amounts.

Barbosa focuses on the role of RNA processing and the precisely choreographed alterations to chromatin that govern gene expression. RNA molecules serve as messengers between DNA and its final product, protein, and are subject to extensive processing and regulation. However, not much is known about the interplay between RNA processing and epigenetic machinery, particularly in cancer.

“I hope that my work will uncover additional layers of complexity in the dynamic landscape of gene regulation,” says Barbosa. “It might also identify new mechanisms that can be targeted to help treat leukemia and other cancers.”

Before Barbosa arrived at the Soto-Feliciano NetBet sportLab, she was already steeped in the molecular intricacies of cancer.

While at the University of Pennsylvania, she earned a BA in biochemistry and biophysics concurrently with a master’s degree in chemistry. Early on, she joined the lab of Ronen Marmorstein, which used molecular approaches to characterize MEK and ERK, two cancer-relevant members of a class of signaling proteins. Upon starting graduate school, she was excited to branch out into other disciplines.

Barbosa has always taken every opportunity she can to learn. Beginning in grade school, science and math were her favorite subjects, but she also explored music, dance, and foreign languages. At the University of Pennsylvania, she even squeezed in a minor in neuroscience.

With its interdisciplinary approach, the Soto-Feliciano Lab provides Barbosa ample opportunities to learn. Because epigenetic factors can elude traditional approaches, the Soto-Feliciano Lab uses a multidisciplinary strategy, ranging from molecular, to large-scale omics analyses, to disease modeling.

netbet sports betting“When I was a grad student, we saw the arrival of powerful new massive sequencing and gene editing technologies — and were enabled to ask big new questions,” says Soto- Feliciano. “I am excited that Renee will have even more resources and opportunities, as we enter the next stage of cancer genetics and epigenetics.”

With the support of a Schimmel Fellowship, Barbosa will be ready to take advantage of new developments in her field.

“Support for research early on in graduate school is an incredible opportunity,” says Barbosa. “It means time to delve deep into the literature of the field and identify challenging open questions that I can pursue in my project. Though exploring these unknown areas requires taking bigger risks, I hope that we will get invaluable insight from an understanding of these nuanced and complex mechanisms.”

Back to the basics of gene regulation

Graduate student and Schimmel Scholar Annette Jun Diao uses a minimal system to parse the mechanisms underlying gene expression

Lillian Eden | Department of Biology
July 29, 2024

Professor Emeritus of netbet sports betting appBiology Paul Schimmel PhD ’67 and his wife Cleo Schimmel are among the biggest champions and supporters of graduate students conducting life science research in the Department of Biology at MIT, as well as in departments such as the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, the Department of Biological Engineering, and the Department of Chemistry, and in cross-disciplinary degree programs including the Computational and Systems Biology Program, the Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Program, and the Microbiology Graduate Program. In addition to the Cleo and Paul Schimmel (1967) Scholars Fund to support graduate women students in the Department of Biology, in 2021, the Schimmels established the MIT Schimmel Family Program for Life Sciences.

Their generous pledge of $50 million in matching funds called for other donors to join them in supporting the training of graduate students who will tackle some of the world’s most urgent challenges. Driven by their unwavering belief that graduate students are the driving force behind much life science research and witnessing a decline in federal funding for graduate education, the Schimmel family established their one-to-one match program. They reached the ambitious goal of $100 million in endowed support in just two years.

Annette Jun Diao’s mother loves to tell the story of Diao’s childhood aversion to the study of life — the gross and the squishy. Unlike some future biologists, Diao wasn’t the type to stomp through creeks or investigate the life of frogs. Instead, she was interested in astronomy and only ended up in a high school biology class because of a bureaucratic snafu. The physics course she’d been hoping to take was canceled due to low enrollment, and she was informed molecular biology was being offered instead.

She attended the University of Toronto and joined the molecular genetics department because of the numerous opportunities for hands-on research. She’s now a third-year graduate student in the Department of Biology at MIT.

“I’m fascinated by the mechanisms that underlie the regulation of gene expression,” Diao says. “All of our genetic information is in DNA, and that DNA is an actual molecule with chemical properties that allow it to be passed from one generation to the next.”

Every cell in our bodies contains a genome of approximately 20,000 genes, but the cells in our retinas are vastly different than the cells in our hearts — not all genes are in action simultaneously, and cell fates vary depending on how which genes are active.

“What is really awesome about the department — and what was attractive to me when I was applying to graduate school — is that I wasn’t sure exactly what methods I wanted to use to answer the questions I was interested in,” Diao says. “A huge advantage of the program was that I had a lot to choose from.”

Diao chose to pursue her thesis work with Seychelle Vos, the Robert A. Swanson (1969) Career Development Professor of Life Sciences and HHMI Freeman Hrabowski Scholar. Diao has been recognized with a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Fellowship, which is similar to a National Science Foundation graduate fellowship in the United States.

Vos’s lab is generally interested in understanding how transcription is regulated, the interplay of genome organization and gene expression, and the molecular machinery involved. Diao has been working with an enzyme called RNA polymerase II (RNAP II), the molecular machine that reads DNA and creates an RNA copy called mRNA. That mRNA goes on to be read by ribosomes to create proteins.

Many questions remain about RNAP II, including what signals instruct it to begin transcription and, once engaged, whether it will transcribe and how quickly it moves.

RNAP II doesn’t work alone. Diao is working to understand how a transcription factor called negative elongation factor associates with RNAP II and whether the DNA sequence affects that interaction.

Within the broader context of the genome, DNA is packaged extremely tightly; if it were allowed to unfold, its total length could stretch from Cambridge to Connecticut. What RNAP II has access to at any given time is therefore quite restricted, which Diao is also exploring.

She has been exploring this topic in what she refers to as a “reductionist approach.” By creating a minimal system — a strand of DNA and the precise addition of certain other isolated components — she can potentially parse out what ingredients and what sequence of events are essential “in order to really get to the nitty-gritty of how genes are regulated.”

Outside of her work in the lab, Diao is part of BioREFS, a peer support group for graduate students, and gwiBio. Both organizations bring members of the department together for scientific talks and socializing activities outside of the lab, and gwiBio also participates in community outreach.

Diao is also a Schimmel Scholar, supported by Professor Emeritus of netbet sports betting appBiology Paul Schimmel PhD ’67 and his wife Cleo Schimmel.

“It was really great to learn that I was being supported by a scientist who has done a lot of awesome work that’s relevant to my world,” Diao says.

“It is awesome that they are so committed to supporting the graduate program at MIT, especially when federal resources have become more limited,” Vos says. “With their support, our lab can train basic scientists who can then use their knowledge to transform our study of disease. I hope others follow Paul and Cleo’s example.”

Two Whitehead Institute graduate researchers awarded the 2024 Regeneron Prize for Creative Innovation

Whitehead Institute graduate student researchers Christopher Giuliano (Lourido Lab) and Julian Roessler (Hrvatin Lab) have been awarded the 2024 Regeneron Prize for Creative Innovation.

Merrill Meadow | Whitehead Institute
July 30, 2024

Whitehead Institute graduate student researchers Christopher Giuliano and Julian Roessler have been awarded the 2024 Regeneron Prize for Creative Innovation. In addition, postdoctoral researcher Chen Weng was selected as a finalist in the postdoctoral fellows competition.

The Regeneron Prize, sponsored by global biotechnology company Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., is a competitive award designed to recognize and honor exceptional talent and originality in biomedical research. Individual graduate students and postdoctoral fellows in the biomedical sciences are nominated by the nation’s top research universities. Then, nominees outline their “Dream Projects” — potentially groundbreaking research projects that they would pursue given unrestricted access to resources and state-of-the-art technology.

The “Dream Project” proposals, presented by the nominees to a selection committee comprised of Regeneron’s leading scientists, are used to evaluate a trainee’s scientific merit, elegance, precision, and creativity. Novel research ideas and out-of-the-box thinking is encouraged — although the proposal must include a strong rationale, basic methodology and design for the project, and a discussion of how its results could advance the field. Both Giuliano and Roessler have been awarded $50,000 for their proposals, which can be used in any way the winners choose. In addition, Weng was awarded $5,000 as a finalist, and Regeneron has made a $10,000 grant to the Whitehead Institute as the home institute of the winners to support its seminar series.

This year’s awards are distinctive in that the two winners are from the same institution: Both Giuliano and Roessler are pursuing their PhDs at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and conducting their doctoral research at Whitehead Institute.

Giuliano is a researcher in the lab of Whitehead Institute Member Sebastian Lourido, who is also an associate professor of biology at MIT and holds the Landon Clay Career Development Chair at Whitehead Institute. Giuliano’s Dream Project seeks to address the unique challenges posed by genetically based muscle disorders. “An obstacle in using current gene therapies to treat these conditions,” he explains, “is that muscle tissue comprises large syncytial cells, which contain hundreds of nuclei in a shared cytoplasm. Even when a gene therapy is able to reach an individual muscle cell, it often isn’t able to spread to every nucleus within that cell.” However, certain parasites, like Toxoplasma gondii, thrive because they have the capacity to successfully gain access to and manipulate muscle cells. T. gondii, the primary focus of the Lourido lab’s work, may infect nearly one third of all humans. “My project,” Giuliano says, “would identify the specific biological mechanisms used by the parasites to spread their virulence factor proteins throughout the cell. Using genetic screens for protein spread, we would work toward applying these protein features to improve the efficiency of muscle-directed gene therapies, and ultimately test our system in a mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.”

Roessler is a researcher in the lab of Whitehead Institute Member Siniša Hrvatin, who is also an assistant professor of biology at MIT. While Roessler’s doctoral research focuses on the neuronal circuitry underlying torpor and hibernation in small mammals, his Dream Project seeks to identify the sensory circuitry regulating the “diving reflex” displayed in land- and sea-dwelling mammals, including humans. The diving reflex occurs when an animal’s face is immersed in cold water, prompting an array of organs to reduce their function in ways that, scientists believe, privileges the flow of oxygen to the brain and muscles. “That this reflex has been conserved across millions of years of mammalian evolution suggests an extraordinary genetic advantage,” Roessler says. “Yet, researchers have given comparatively little attention to the neuronal circuits underlying this reflex, and we don’t understand even the fundamental mechanisms by which the nervous system coincidently detects both cold temperature and the presence of water.” Beyond elucidating a foundational aspect of mammalian biology, Roessler’s projects could, if pursued, underpin new interventions for conditions ranging from migraine headaches to cardiac arrhythmia that might be ameliorated by artificial stimulation or inhibition of the diving response.

Weng is a postdoctoral researcher in the lab of Whitehead Institute Member Jonathan Weissman, who is also a professor of biology at MIT, the Landon T. Clay Professor of Biology at Whitehead Institute, and an Investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. His Dream Project — which proposes a new approach to using single-cell genealogy to understand factors driving cell line netbet sports betting appevolution — is an extension of his current work. Indeed, this past year he co-developed a technology that details the family trees of human blood cells and provides new insights into the differences between lineages of hematopoietic stem cells. The technology gives researchers unprecedented access to any human cells’ histories — and a path to resolving previously unanswerable questions.

A day in the life — graduate student and genomics researcher Neha Bokil

Neha Bokil is studying mechanisms that regulate expression of genes located on the X and Y chromosomes in order to better understand sex-biased conditions that predominantly affect one sex.

Shafaq Zia | Whitehead Institute
June 25, 2024

Graduate student Neha Bokil moves around the Page lab with urgency. Today, she’s running an experiment using white blood cells from patients with varying numbers of X and Y chromosomes.

The lab of Whitehead Institute Member David Page investigates the role of the X and Y chromosomes beyond determining sex. While most females have two X chromosomes (XX) and most males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY), there are individuals whose sex chromosome constitution varies from this, having instead, for example, XXY, XXX, or XXXXY. With the goal of understanding why certain conditions are more prevalent in one sex versus than the other, Bokil is using this experiment to explore if and how cellular processes, such as gene regulation, vary among individuals with these atypical combinations of sex chromosomes.

Partially hidden in the cell culture hood, Bokil finally locates what she’s been searching for: a pipette for dispensing 99 microliters of the cell suspension she’s meticulously prepared this afternoon, a type of culture where cells float in nutrient-rich liquid, free to function and grow.

Bokil carefully extracts this volume and transfers it to a flat plate — also called a 96-well plate — with tiny holes for growing small cell samples. Now, it’s a waiting game until she can find out how these cells are growing, and whether their proliferation rate depends on the number of sex chromosomes in a cell.

Bokil dives into the intricacies of human genetics every day, hoping her work will eventually help reshape how sex differences are understood in medicine and improve treatment outcomes. The dynamic research Bokil is conducting at Whitehead Institute is her calling, but she has other passions as well. Here’s what a typical day in her life as a graduate student looks like, both in and outside the lab.

An inherited love of numbers

When she isn’t rushing out the door, Bokil loves brewing and savoring the perfect cup of morning chai, a traditional South Asian loose-leaf tea with milk. Every family has their own recipe, and Bokil makes hers with ginger, a touch of cardamom, and some sugar.

“Chai is comforting at any time, but I’ve noticed my mood vastly improves when I’m able to have a cup in the morning,” she says.

On her walk to the Whitehead Institute, she often listens to Bollywood songs. But these predilections — chai and Indian cinema — are more than just rituals for her. They symbolize tradition and cherished connections with family and friends.

In fact, family bonds have greatly influenced Bokil’s career path. As a child, she loved mathematics. It wasn’t a trait passed on genetically, but one that flourished through moments of connection with her grandmother, a math teacher in India. During summer visits to Bokil’s family in the U.S., she’d enthusiastically impart her passion for numbers onto her granddaughter. By the time Bokil went to high school and later college, she had become fluent in the language of logic and patterns.

“My time with her made me realize just how beautiful and fun math is, and I could see its practical applications in everyday life, all around me,” Bokil says.

For her PhD, she sought to combine her undergraduate training in mathematics and molecular biology to tackle a real-world problem. With genetics at the crossroads of these disciplines, and the Page Lab leading the way in transforming scientific understanding of X and Y chromosomes beyond reproduction, Bokil knew she had to get involved.

This morning, as she sits at her desk, poring over a research paper before an afternoon lab meeting, she ponders how insights from the study could enhance her manuscript writing process. Bokil’s graduate project uses a collection of cell lines derived from patients with atypical numbers of X and Y chromosomes to investigate mechanisms that regulate — or dial up and down the expression of — genes located on one of the X chromosomes in females called the “inactive” X chromosome.

Although the X and Y sex chromosomes in mammals began as a pair with similar structures, over time, the Y chromosome underwent degeneration, leading to the loss of numerous active genes. In contrast, the X chromosome preserved its original genes and even gained new ones. To maintain balance in gene expression across the two sexes — XX and XY — an evolutionary mechanism called X chromosome inactivation emerged.

This process is known to randomly silence one X chromosome in each XX pair, ensuring that both sexes have an equal dosage of genes from the X chromosome. However, in recent years, the Page lab has discovered that there are powerful distinctions within females’ pair of X chromosomes, and the so-called “inactive” X chromosome is far from passive. Instead, it plays a crucial role in regulating gene expression on the active X chromosome.

“That’s not all,” adds Bokil. “There are still genes expressed from that “inactive” X chromosome. Cracking how these genes are regulated could answer longstanding questions about sex differences in health.”

Bokil is unraveling this genetic mystery with the help of chemical tags netbet sports betting appcalled histone marks. These tags cling to a family of proteins that function like spools, allowing long strands of DNA to coil around them — like thread around a bobbin — so genetic information remains neatly packaged within the cell’s nucleus.

This complex of DNA, RNA, and proteins is called chromatin, the genetic material that eventually forms chromosomes. Chromatin also lays the groundwork for gene regulation by keeping some genes tightly wound around the histones, rendering them inaccessible, and unwinding others for active use.

Certain histone marks are associated with open chromatin structure and active gene expression, while others indicate closed chromatin structure and gene silencing. By examining the specific histone marks on proteins near genes on the “inactive” X chromosome, Bokil aims to decipher if and how these genes are turned on and off.

She’s particularly interested in a group of genes that have counterparts on the Y chromosome. These genes, known as homologous X-Y gene pairs, are typically dosage-sensitive and play a crucial role in regulating essential processes throughout the body like the transcription of DNA into RNA and the translation of RNA into proteins.

Celebrating small triumphs

Graduate school can feel like a marathon — progress is slow but every small step counts towards a breakthrough. For Bokil, stumbling upon a captivating scientific puzzle has been a stroke of luck she deeply appreciates. In fact, the mystery of how genes are controlled on the “inactive” X chromosome has not only shaped her scientific pursuits but also her artwork — on one quiet evening at home, she found herself inspired to capture an experiment, called CUT&RUN, in her painting.

During the early days of her PhD, Bokil spent hundreds of hours using this technique to identify the precise locations of histone protein and DNA interactions. Right as she was prepared to expand these experiments across multiple cell lines, the COVID-19 hit, throwing her plans — and progress — off course.

During these challenging times, Bokil found solace in her cultural roots and the warmth of community. She began teaching virtual BollyX classes — a dance similar to Zumba, but on Bollywood tunes — every Tuesday evening as a means to stay connected, a commitment she’s upheld ever since throughout her time in graduate school.

Beyond nurturing a sense of togetherness through dance, Bokil is committed to mentoring in science and celebrating improbable victories along a tedious research journey.

“I had a former lab mate who used to do what she called a data dance every time she had a graph she felt happy with,” Bokil recalls. “I think that should catch on a little bit more because it’s always a really good feeling to see how these experiments that have taken up so much of your time and effort are leading somewhere.”

A day in the life of graduate student and plant scientist Carly Martin

Carly Martin is developing a detailed map showcasing which genes are turned on or off across cell types during seed development as a graduate student in the Gehring Lab. In a new video series from the Whitehead Institute, see what a typical day is like for her as she explores innovative ways to enhance agricultural sustainability.

Shafaq Zia | Whitehead Institute
May 14, 2024
Food for thought

Biology graduate student Juana De La O is building connections through her thesis work in mouse development and her passion for cooking and baking.

Lillian Eden | Department of Biology
January 10, 2024

MIT graduate student Juana De La O describes herself as a food-motivated organism, so it’s no surprise that she reaches for food and baking analogies when she’s discussing her thesis work in the lab of undergraduate officer and professor of biology Adam Martin.

Consider the formative stages of a croissant, she offers, occasionally providing homemade croissants to accompany the presentation: When one is forming the puff pastry, the dough is folded over the butter again and again. Tissues in a developing mouse embryo must similarly fold and bend, creating layers and structures that become the spine, head, and organs — but these tissues have no hands to induce those formative movements.

De La O is studying neural tube closure, the formation of the structure that becomes the spinal cord and the brain. Disorders like anencephaly and craniorachischisis occur when the head region fails to close in a developing fetus. It’s a heartbreaking defect, De La O says, because it’s 100 percent lethal — but the fetus fully develops otherwise.

“Your entire central nervous system hinges on this one event happening successfully,” she says. “On the fundamental level, we have a very limited understanding of the mechanisms required for neural closure to happen at all, much less an understanding of what goes wrong that leads to those defects.”

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De La O hails from Chicago, where she received an undergraduate degree from the University of Chicago and worked in the lab of Ilaria Rebay. De La O’s sister was the first person in her family to go to and graduate from college — De La O, in turn, is the first person in her family to pursue a PhD.

From her first time visiting campus, De La O could see MIT would provide a thrilling environment in which to study.

“MIT was one of the few places where the students weren’t constantly complaining about how hard their life was,” she says. “At lunch with prospective students, they’d be talking to each other and then just organically slip into conversations about science.”

The department emails acceptance letters and sends a physical copy via snail mail. De La O’s letter included a handwritten note from department head Amy Keating, then a graduate officer, who had interviewed De La O during her campus visit.

“That’s what really sold netbet sports betting appit for me,” she recalls. “I went to my PI [principal investigator]’s office and said, ‘I have new data’” and I showed her the letter, and there was lots of unintelligible crying.”

To prepare her for graduate school, her parents, both immigrants from Mexico, spent the summer teaching De La O to make all her favorite dishes because “comfort food feels like home.”

When she reached MIT, however, the Covid-19 pandemic ground the world to a halt and severely limited what students could experience during rotations. Far from home and living alone, De La O taught herself to bake, creating the confections she craved but couldn’t leave her apartment to purchase. De La O didn’t get to work as extensively as she would have liked during her rotation in the Martin lab.

Martin had recently returned from a sabbatical that was spent learning a new research model; historically a fly lab, Martin was planning to delve into mouse research.

“My final presentation was, ‘Here’s a hypothetical project I would hypothetically do if I were hypothetically going to work with mice in a fly lab,’” De La O says.

Martin recalls being impressed. De La O is skilled at talking about science in an earnest and engaging way, and she dug deep into the literature and identified points Martin hadn’t considered.

“This is a level of independence that I look for in a student because it is important to the science to have someone who is contributing their ideas and independent reading and research to a project,” Martin says.

After agreeing to join the lab — news she shared with Martin via a meme — she got to work.

Charting mouse development

The neural tube forms from a flat sheet whose sides rise and meet to create a hollow cylinder. De La O has observed patterns of actin and myosin changing in space and time as the embryo develops. Actin and myosin are fibrous proteins that provide structure in eukaryotic cells. They are responsible for some cell movement, like muscle contraction or cell division. Fibers of actin and myosin can also connect across cells, forming vast networks that coordinate the movements of whole tissues. By looking at the structure of these networks, researchers can make predictions about how force is affecting those tissues.

De La O has found indications of a difference in the tension across the tissue during the critical stages of neural tube closure, which contributes to the tissue’s ability to fold and form a tube. They are not the first research group to propose this, she notes, but they’re suggesting that the patterns of tension are not uniform during a single stage of development.

“My project, on a really fundamental level, is an atlas for a really early stage of mouse development for actin and myosin,” De La O says. “This dataset doesn’t exist in the field yet.”

However, De La O has been performing analyses exclusively in fixed samples, so she may be quantifying phenomena that are not actually how tissues behave. To determine whether that’s the case, De La O plans to analyze live samples.

The idea is that if one could carefully cut tissue and observe how quickly it recoils, like slicing through a taught rubber band, those measurements could be used to approximate force across the tissue. However, the techniques required are still being developed, and the greater Boston area currently lacks the equipment and expertise needed to attempt those experiments.

A big part of her work in the lab has been figuring out how to collect and analyze relevant data. This research has already taken her far and wide, both literally and virtually.

“We’ve found that people have been very generous with their time and expertise,” De La O says. “One of the benefits we, as fly people, brought into this field is we don’t know anything — so we’re going to question everything.”

De La O traveled to the University of Virginia to learn live imaging techniques from associate professor of cell biology Ann Sutherland, and she’s also been in contact with Gabriel Galea at University College London, where Martin and De La O are considering a visit for further training.

“There are a lot of reasons why these experiments could go wrong, and one of them is that I’m not trained yet,” she says. “Once you know how to do things on an optimal setup, you can figure out how to make it work on a less-optimal setup.”

Collaboration and community

De La O has now expanded her cooking repertoire far beyond her family’s recipes and shares her new creations when she visits home. At MIT, she hosts dinner parties, including one where everything from the savory appetizers to the sweet desserts contained honey, thanks to an Independent Activities Period course about the producers of the sticky substance, and she made and tried apple pie for the first time with her fellow graduate students after an afternoon of apple picking.

De La O says she’s still learning how to say no to taking on additional work outside of her regular obligations as a PhD student; she’s found there’s a lot of pressure for underrepresented students to be at the forefront of diversity efforts, and although she finds that work extremely fulfilling, she can, and has, stretched herself too thin in the past.

“Every time I see an application that asks ‘How will you work to increase diversity,’ my strongest instinct is just to write ‘I’m brown and around — you’re welcome,’” she jokes. “The greatest amount of diversity work I will do is to get where I’m going. Me achieving my goals increases diversity inherently, but I also want to do well because I know if I do, I will make everything better for people coming after me.”

De La O is confident her path will be in academia, and troubleshooting, building up protocols, and setting up standards for her work in the Martin Lab has been “an excellent netbet online sports bettingpart of my training program.”

De La O and Martin embarked on a new project in a new model for the lab for De La O’s thesis, so much of her graduate studies will be spent laying the groundwork for future research.

“I hope her travels open Juana’s eyes to science being a larger community and to teach her about how to lead a collaboration,” Martin says. “Overall, I think this project is excellent for a student with aspirations to be a PI. I benefited from extremely open-ended projects as a student and see, in retrospect, how they prepared me for my work today.”